Application progresses of 7.0T small animal MRI in Alzheimer disease / 中国医学影像技术

Alzheimer disease (AD) is the most common degenerative disease of central nervous system. Animal models can simulate the pathological changes of early AD. MRI is an important method for the diagnosis of AD. 7.0T small animal MRI promotes the study of AD. Multimodal imaging provides help for the diagnosis of early AD. The application of 7.0T small animal MRI technologies in AD research were reviewed in this paper.

Demographic Structure, Environmental Quality and Resident Health Expenditures: Based on the Persoective of Spatial Econometrics / 中国卫生经济

Objective:To analyze the impacts of sustainable deterioration of environment quality and demographic structure adjustment on urban residents' health expenditure.Methods:Non-spatial panel model and spatial panel model were applied to use inter-provincial panel data to conduct the empirical analysis.Results:Environment quality,demographic age structure and interaction had significant impact on urban residents' health expenditure.Conclusion:Demographic structure transformation and environment quality deterioration were the two difficulties faced by China's medical and health system.The construction and reform of medical and health system should focus on these challenges.

Phenotypic analysis of affected peripheral erythroid for CD59 in paroxysmal nocturnal hemoglobinuria / 中华医学杂志(英文版)

<p><b>OBJECTIVE</b>To determine whether affected reticulocytes could be a reliable marker for the diagnosis of paroxysmal nocturnal hemoglobinuria (PNH), we analyzed CD59-antigen expression on the membranes of reticulocytes and erythrocytes.</p><p><b>METHODS</b>We studied 10 PNH patients and 5 healthy volunteers by two-color flow cytometry with a membrane permeable fluorescent dye, thiazole orange (TO), and anti-CD59 monoclonal antibodies (MoAb). TO was introduced to gate reticulocytes and anti-CD59 MoAb were used to identify glycosylphosphatidylinositol (GPI)-deficient cells.</p><p><b>RESULTS</b>Cells from healthy individuals were only CD59 positive. However, in all PNH patients, CD59-antigen expression could be divided into 3 types: type I cells (CD59 normally positive), type II cells (CD59 partly positive) and type III cells (CD59 negative). The majority of reticulocytes belonged to type III cells, GPI-deficient cells (61.0%). In addition, the percentage of affected reticulocytes was higher than that of erythrocytes.</p><p><b>CONCLUSIONS</b>Analyzing PNH reticulocytes was important, because most patients had elevated numbers of reticulocytes, which represent more closely the recent erythroid output of BM. However, circulating mature erythrocytes were subject to complement-mediated intravascular lysis. Therefore, the percentage of abnormal erythrocytes may not accurately reflect the proliferation rate of normal and abnormal erythroid progenitor cells. Thus, affected reticulocytes could be a more reliable indicator for the diagnosis of PNH than mature erythrocytes.</p>

Composition analysis of hematopoietic stem/progenitor cells in peripheral blood and bone marrow from patients with paroxysmal nocturnal hemoglobinuria / 中华血液学杂志

<p><b>OBJECTIVE</b>To evaluate the composition and proportion of the hematopoietic stem cells in peripheral blood (PB) and bone marrow (BM) in paroxysmal nocturnal hemoglobinuria (PNH) patients.</p><p><b>METHODS</b>The CD(34) and CD(59) expressions in PB and BM samples from 21 PNH patients and 8 normal volunteers were analyzed by flow cytometry, and their total numbers were compared.</p><p><b>RESULTS</b>The number of CD(34)(+) cells in both PB and BM of the patients was significantly lower than that in normal controls (P < 0.001), while there was no significant difference between the remittent patients and normal controls. The CD(34)(+) cells in PB of the patients exhibited predominantly normal CD(59) phenotype, which had no relationship either to the patients' clinical manifestations or to the CD(59) expression status of bone marrow CD(34)(+) cells.</p><p><b>CONCLUSION</b>The hematopoietic stem cells in patients with PNH decreases in number but show mainly normal phenotype in PB.</p>

Expression of CD(59) and CD(45) on lymphocytes in paroxysmal nocturnal hemoglobinuria patients / 中华血液学杂志

<p><b>OBJECTIVE</b>To analyse the expression of glycosylphosphatidylinositol (GPI)-anchored protein and functional transition of lymphocyte subsets in paroxysmal nocturnal hemoglobinuria (PNH) patients.</p><p><b>METHODS</b>Flow cytometer and multi-color McAbs were used to detect CD(59) expression on lymphocytes and their subsets. Stimulation test was used to examine the ability of affected T cells in converting from CD(45RA) phenotype to CD(45RO) phenotype.</p><p><b>RESULTS</b>In 14 PNH samples, CD(59) expression on affected lymphocytes was at a lower percentage than that on granulocytes and erythrocytes. B lymphocytes were widely affected than NK or T cells. CD(59)(-) deficient B lymphocytes existed in all PNH patients. More CD(8)(+) T cells were affected than CD(4)(+) T cells. Expression of HLA-DR and CD(45RO) on affected T cells were significantly lower than that on normal T cells (P < 0.01), whereas the expression of CD(45RA) was much higher on the former (P < 0.01). After stimulation with phytohemagglutinin (PHA), the expression of CD(45RA)(+) on affected T cells decreased sharply (the median value was from 82.7% to 26.6%), while the expression of CD(45RO)(+) increased significantly (the median value was from 19.6% to 64.3%).</p><p><b>CONCLUSIONS</b>The deficient CD(59) phenotype does involve in the different types of lymphocytes in PNH patients. Therefore affected B cells could be a good marker for diagnosis of PNH. The affected T cells were mainly comprised naive cells (CD(45RA)(+)HLA-DR(-)), which could acquire the memory phenotype (CD(45RO)(+)HLA-DR(+)) after stimulated by antigen.</p>

Proliferative capacity of the isolated single CD(34)(+) glycosylphosphatidylinesitol-anchored (GPI) protein negative and positive hematopoietic cells in paroxysmal nocturnal hemoglobinuria / 中华血液学杂志

<p><b>OBJECTIVES</b>To investigate the stroma-independent growth ability, multilineage differentiation and expansion of the single hematopoietic stem/progenitor cell from patients with paroxysmal nocturnal hematoglobinuria (PNH).</p><p><b>METHOD</b>The CD(34)(+) CD(59)(+) and CD(34)(+) CD(59)(-) cells from PNH patients and CD(34)(+) CD(59)(+) cells from normal volunteers were sorted as each single cell into a well of 96 well culture plates containing culture medium supplemented with SCF, IL-3, Epo, GM-CSF, G-CSF, IL-6, Tpo and Flt-3 ligand.</p><p><b>RESULTS</b>(1) Single PNH CD(34)(+) CD(59)(-) cell had a higher capacities for plating efficiency, colony (>/= 50 cells) formation and cell expansion than that of the PNH CD(34)(+) CD(59)(+) cells (P < 0.05); (2) Both the single CD(34)(+) CD(59)(-) cells from PNH patients and the single CD(34)(+) CD(59)(+) cells from normal controls had similar capacities for cell plating efficiency and colony and large colony formation. The PNH CD(34)(+) CD(59)(-) cells had a lower average cell production and cell expansion capacity. (3) The single CD(34)(+) CD(59)(+) cells from both PNH patients and normal controls showed the same capacities for cell plating efficiency and colony formation. The PNH CD(34)(+) CD(59)(+) cells exhibited much lower capacity for large colony formation, average cell production and total cell expansion. (4) A diminished secondary colony formation ability was also observed in the PNH CD(34)(+) CD(59)(+) and CD(34)(-) CD(59)(-) clones.</p><p><b>CONCLUSION</b>The single PNH CD(34)(+) CD(59)(-) cells had growth advantage over the single PNH CD(34)(+) CD(59)(+) cells to some extent, but they both had impaired growth abilities as compared with CD(34)(+) cells from normal volunteers.</p>

Ex vivo expansion of CD34(+) CD59(+) cells from bone marrow of paroxysmal nocturnal hemoglobinuria patients / 中华血液学杂志

<p><b>OBJECTIVE</b>To study the separation, purification and ex vivo expansion of CD(34)(+) CD(59)(+) cells from patients with paroxysmal nocturnal hemoglobinuria (PNH), and explore the new treatment for the PNH patients.</p><p><b>METHODS</b>CD(34)(+) CD(59)(+) cells were selected from the bone marrow mononuclear cells of PNH patients by means of immunomagnetic microbead-flow cytometry two step sorting method, followed by ex vivo expansion of the cells with combination of hematopoietic factors for two weeks.</p><p><b>RESULTS</b>The best combination for the ex vivo expansion was SCF + IL-3 + IL-6 + FL + Tpo + Epo, and the seventh day was the most suitable time for the best harvest when the CD(34)(+) CD(59)(+) cells were 22.42 +/- 3.73 fold expanded. After ex vivo expansion, the cells remained CD(59) positive and potent capacity of colony formation, but their potentialities to multilineage differentiation were decreased.</p><p><b>CONCLUSION</b>The present study shows that ex vivo expansion of CD(34)(+) CD(59)(+) cells from PNH patients might promise the possibility of performing ABMT or APBSCT clinincally for the patients.</p>

Study of lymphocyte subsets and its activated-molecules in patients with paroxysmal nocturnal hemoglobinuria / 中华血液学杂志

<p><b>OBJECTIVE</b>To investigate the relationship between subsets of lymphocytes and between its activated status and the clinical manifestations in patients with PNH, and to unfold immunological mechanism in the pathogenesis of PNH.</p><p><b>METHODS</b>The peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMNC) from 18 PNH patients and 20 controls were separated into two subpopulations using anti-CD(59) monoclonal antibody combined with goat-anti-mouse IgG immunomagnetic beads. CD(3)(+), CD(4)(+) and CD(8)(+) lymphocyte subsets were detected by flow cytometry. In 6 newly diagnosed patients, phenotypes associated with T cell activation such as CD(28)(+)/CD(4)(+) or CD(8)(+) cells, CD(8)(+) CD(38)(+) cells, and HLA-DR(+)/CD(4)(+) or CD(8)(+), and NK (CD(3)(-) CD(16)(+)) cells were detected in the peripheral blood.</p><p><b>RESULT</b>Patients with PNH showed significantly increased CD(3)(+) CD(8)(+)/CD(3)(+) CD(4)(+) ratio as compared with controls (1.22 +/- 0.51 vs 0.86 +/- 0.27, P < 0.05), and the CD(3)(+) CD(8)(+)/CD(3)(+) CD(4)(+) ratio in CD(59)(-) PBMC was higher than that in CD(59)(+) PBMC (2.31 +/- 1.56 vs 0.62 +/- 0.27, P < 0.05). The ratios of CD(4)(+) CD(28)(+)/CD(4)(+) markedly decreased and CD(8)(+)HLA-DR(+)/CD(8)(+) increased.</p><p><b>CONCLUSION</b>Patients with PNH appear to have abnormalities in their lymphocytes. Increased ratios of CD(3)(+) CD(8)(+)/CD(3)(+) CD(4)(+) and HLA-DR(+) CD(8)(+)/CD(8)(+) lymphocytes as well as declined ratio of CD(4)(+) CD(28)(+)/CD(4)(+) lymphocytes might be involved in the pathogenesis of PNH.</p>

Apoptosis and differentiation induced by sodium selenite combined with all-trans retinoic acid (ATRA) in NB4 cells / 中华血液学杂志

<p><b>OBJECTIVE</b>To study the effects of low dose sodium selenite combined with all-trans retinoic acid (ATRA) on apoptosis and differentiation of human acute promyelocytic leukemia (APL) NB4 cells.</p><p><b>METHODS</b>Apo-ptosis was detected by translocation of phosphatidylserine (PS) with a Annexin-V kit and DNA fragmentation by agarose gel electrophoresis analysis, cell differentiation was studied by flow cytometry of CD(11b) expression and NBT reduction assay.</p><p><b>RESULTS</b>Five micromol/L sodium selenite or 0.1 micromol/L ATRA alone could not induce apoptosis of NB4 cells within 48 hours. However, combination of the two drugs at the same doses as above could induce significant apoptosis in 48 hours characterized by increased PS translocation and DNA ladder. Sodium selenite at concentration of 2 micromol/L was not able to induce differentiation of NB4 cells, but when combined with 0.1 micromol/L ATRA, CD(11b) expression and NBT reduction were increased as compared with that of 0.1 micromol/L ATRA alone.</p><p><b>CONCLUSION</b>Low dose sodium selenite could enhance the effects of low dose ATRA in inducing apoptosis and differentiation of NB4 cells.</p>

Expression of glycosylphosphatidylinositol-anchored protein in lymphocytes and the subsets of healthy individuals / 中华检验医学杂志

Objective To study the expression of glycosylphosphatidylinositol(GPI) anchored protein in lymphocyte subsets of healthy individuals. Methods Flow cytometry and two/three color McAbs were used to detect CD59 expression in granulocytes, lymphocytes and subsets. Results In 50 samples, granulocytes mainly showed a single population of cells strongly positive for CD59, the percentage of CD59 expression was (98.6?1 5)%. Lymphocytes had a small population of weakly positive and negative for CD59, positive cells being (90 0? 14.9)%. CD3 +T cells had a similar profile as that of total lymphocytes, but there were more weakly positive /negative cells and less strong positive cells. As compared with CD3 +T cells, CD4 +T cells had a larger population of strongly positive for CD59, positive cells being (92.9?8.1)%; while CD8 +T cells had a smaller population of strongly positive, positive cells being (74.6?9.1)%. CD59 expression of activated T cells was between that of CD3 +and CD8 +T cells. CD45RA +and CD45RO +T cells both had a similar profile like that of CD3 +T cells. CD20 +B cells showed a similar profile to that of granulocytes, positive cells being (96.3?0 6)%. Conclusions Population of low or negative expression of CD59 among the lymphocytes of healthy controls was related to T cells, especially CD8 +T cells. B cells had uniform positive expression of CD59, and could be a candidate for detecting PNH.

THE ANTIOXIDATIVE ACTION OF MALTOL ON AUTO-OXIDATION OF ERYTHROCYTES / 中国药理学通报

The effect of maltol to prevent erythrocyte from auto-oxidation is presented. When erythrocytes were incubated at 37 ℃ for 24 h in vitro, oxyhemoglobin was decreased, methemoglobin, superoxide freeradical, lipofuscin and Heinz's body were increased as well as membrane proteins were changed. These reactions could be inhibited by maltol.